Procedural pain management in children of all ages

Authors

  • D. Simić University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
  • M. Mitrović University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
  • M. Stević University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
  • I. Simić University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
  • V. Marjanović Clinical Centre, Nis, Serbia
  • I. Budić Clinical Centre, Nis, Serbia

Keywords:

procedural pain, children, treatment, pain management

Abstract

To summarise the story, procedural pain management does not only have humane aspect in paediatric population, but it also prevents numerous complications, child’s negative attitude in following contacts with medical staff, percentage of chronic pain suffering patients, as well as cost of the treatment itself. Good pain assessment contributes to the prevention and/or early recognition of pain as well as the effective management of pain.When managing procedural pain in infants, older children and adolescents, not only proven analgesic strategies are important, but also suitable preparatory measures that contribute to reduction in anticipatory and procedural anxiety. Families, play therapists, nursing staff, and other team members should be included.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Finley G. A., Franck L., Grunau R. et al. Why Children’s Pain Matters. – Seattle, WA: IASP, 2005.

Walter-Nicolet E., Annequin D., Biran V. et al. Pain management in newborns: from prevention to treatment / Paediatr Drugs. – 2010. – 12 : 353–365.

von Baeyer C., Spargud L. Systematic review of observational (behavioural) measures of pain for children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years // Pain. – 2007; 127 : 140–150.

Breau L. M, Burkitt C. Assessing pain in children with intellectual disabilities // Pain Res Manage. – 2009. – 14 : 116–120.

Stinson J., Kavanagh T., Yamada J. et al. Systematic review of the psychometric properties, interpretability and feasibility o self- report pain intensity measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents // Pain. – 2006. – 125 : 142–157.

Wong D., Baker C. Pain in children: comparison of assessment scales // Pediatr Nurs. – 1988. – 14 : 9–17.

Hicks C., von Baeyer, C. L., Spafford P. et al. The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement // Pain. – 2001. – 93 : 173–183.

Hester N. The pre-operational child’s reaction to immunisations // Nurs Ress. – 1979. – 28 : 250–255.

van Dijk M., de Boer J. B., Koot H. M. et al. The association between physiological and behavioural pain measures in 0-to-3-year-old infants after major surgery // J Pain Symptom Manage. – 2001. – 22 : 600–609.

Stevens B., Gibbins S. Clinical utility and clinical significance in the assessment and management of pain in vulnerable infants // Clin Perinatol. – 2002. – 29 : 459.

Stevens B., Johnston C., Petryshen P. et al. Premature infant pain profile: development and initial validation // Clin J Pain. – 1996. – 12 : 13–22.

Krechel S., Bildner J. CRIES: a new neonatal postoperative pain measurement score: initial testing of validity and reliability // Anesthesiology. – 1995. – 5 : 53.

Grunau R. E., Oberlander T., Holsti L. et al. Bedside application of the Neonatal Facial Coding System in pain assessment of premature neonates // Pain. – 1998. – 76 : 277–286.

Malvya S., Voepel-Lewis T., Burke C. et al. The revised FLACC observational pain tool : improved reliability and validity for pain assessment in children with cognitive impairment // Pediatr Anesth. – 2006. – 16 : 258–265.

McGrath P., Johnson G., Goodman J. et al. CHEOPS: a behavioural scale for rating postoperative pain in children // Adv Pain Res Ther. – 1985. – 9 : 395–402.

Breau L., MacLaren J., McGrath P. et al. Caregivers’ beliefs regarding pain in children with cognitive impairment: relation between pain sensation and reaction increases with severity of impairment // Clin J Pain. – 2003. – 19 : 335–344.

Hunt A., Goldman A., Seers K. et al. Cilnical validation of the paediatric pain profile // Dev Med Child Neurol. – 2004. – 46 : 9–18.

Choo E. K., Magruder W., Montgomery C. J. et al. Skin Conductance fluctuations correlate poorly with postoperative self-report pain measures in school-aged children // Anesthesiology. – 2010 – 113 : 157–182.

Buttner W., Fincke W. Analysis of behavioural and physiological parameters for the assessment of postoperative analgesic demand in newborns, infants and young children // Paediatr Anaesth. – 2000. – 10 : 303–318.

Bellieni C., Bagnoli F., Perrone S. et al. Effect of multisensory stimulation on analgesia in term neonates : a randomized controlled trial // Pediatr Res. – 2002. – 51 : 460–463.

Cignacco E., Hamers J. P. H., Stoffel L. et al. Routine procedures in NICUs: factors influencing pain assessment and ranking by pain intensity // Swiss Med Wkly. – 2008. – 138 : 484–491.

Uman L. S., Chambers C. T., McGrath P. J. et al. Psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents // Cochrane Database Syst Rev. – 2006. – Oct 18; (4) : CD005179.

Agarwal R. Breastfeeding or Breast Milk for procedural Pain in Neonates : RHL Commentary (last revised : 1 June 2011) // The WHO Reproductive Health Library. – Geneva : World Health Organization (WHO), 2011.

Holsti L., Oberlander T. F., Brant R. Does breastfeeding reduce acute procedural pain in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit? A randomized clinical trial // Pain. – 2011. – 152 : 2575–2581.

Castrale C., Evans D., Verger C. et al. Peritoneal dialysis in elderly patients : report from the French Peritoneal Dialysis Registry (RDPLF) // Nephrol Dial Transplant. – 2010. – 25 : 255–262.

Ozdogan T., Akman I., Cebeci D. et al. Comparison of two doses of breast milk and sucrose during neonatal heel prick // Pediatr Int. – 2010. – 52 : 175–179.

Pillai Riddell R. R., Racine N. M., Turcotte K. et al. Non-pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain // Cochrane Database Syst Rev. – 2011. – 10 : CD006275.

Lefrak L., Burch K., Caravantes R. et al. Sucrose analgesia: identifying potentially better practices // Pediatrics. – 2006. – 118 : (Suppl. 2) : S197–S202.

Slater R., Cornelissen L., Fabrizi L. et al. Oral sucrose as an analgesic drug for procedural pain in newborn infants: a randomized controlled trial // Lancet. – 2010. – 376 : 1225–1232.

Ogawa S. O. T., Fujiwara E., Ito K. et al. Venepuncture is perferable to heel lance for blood sampling in term neonates // Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. – 2005. – 90 : F432–F436.

Shah V. S., Ohlsson A. Venepuncture versus heel lance for blood sampling in term neonates // Cochrane Database Syst Rev. – 2011. – 10 : CD001452.

Stevens B., Yamada J., Ohlsson A. Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures // Cochrane Database Syst Rev. – 2010. – 1 : CD001069.

Liu M. F., Lin K. C., Chou Y. H. et al. Using non-nutritive sucking and oral glucose solution with neonates to relieve pain: a randomised controlled trial // J Clin Nurse. – 2010. – 19 : 1604–1611.

Tadio A., Shah V., Stephens D. et al. Effect of liposomal lidocaine and sucrose alone and in combination for venipuncture pain in newborns // Pediatrics. – 2011. – 127 : e940–e947.

Tadio A., Lee C., Yip A. et al. Intravenous morphine and topical tetracaine for treatment of pain in [corrected] neonates undergoing central line placement. [erratum appears in JAMA. 2006 Apr].

Biran V., Gourrier E., Cimerman P. et al. Analgesic effects of EMLA cream and oral sucrose during venipuncture in preterm infants // Pediatrics. – 2011. – 128 : e63–e70.

Arena J., Emparanza J. I., Nogues A. et al. Skin to calcaneus distance in the neonate // Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. – 2005. – 80 : F328–F331.

Lago P., Tiozzoc C., Boccuzzo G. et al. Remifentanil for percutaneous intravenous central catheter placement in preterm infant: a randomized controlled trial // Pediatr Anesth. – 2008. – 18 : 736–744.

Dempsay E., McCreery K. Local anaesthetic eye drops for prevention of pain in preterm infants undergoing screening for retinopathy of prematurity // Cochrane Database Syst Rev. – 2011. – 9 : CD 007645.

Health RcoPaC. UK Retinopathy of Prematurity Guideline. – London : RCPCH, 2008. 41. Kaur G., Gupta P., Kumar A. A randomized trial of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics during lumbar puncture in newborns // Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. – 2003. – 157 : 1065–1070.

Baxter A. L., Fisher R. G., Burke B. L. et al. Local anesthetic and stylet styles: factor associated with resident lumbar puncture sucess // Pediatrics. – 2006. – 117 : 876–881.

Anand K. J., Johnston C. C., Oberlander T. F. et al. Analgesia and local anesthesia during invasive procedures in the neonate // Clin Ther. – 2005. – 27 : 844–876.

Kozer E., Rosenbloom E., Goldman D. et al. Pain in infats who are younger than 2 months during suprapubic aspiration and transurethral bladder catheterization: a randomized, controlled study // Pediatrics. – 2006. – 118 : e51–e56.

Rogers A., Greenwald M., Deguzman M. et al. A randomized, controlled trial of sucrose analgesia in infants younger than 99 days of age who require bladder catheterization in the pediatric emergency department // Acad Emerg Med. – 2006. – 13 : 617–622.

Juhl G. A., Conners G. P. Emergency physicians practices and attitudes regarding procedural anaesthesia for nasogastric tube insertion // Emerg Med J. – 2005. – 22 : 243–245.

McCullough S., Halton T., Mowbray D. et al. Lingual sucrose reduces the pain response to nasogastric tube insertion : a randomized clinical trial // Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. – 2008. – 93 : F100–F103.

Efe E., Ozer Z. C. The use of breast-feeding for pain relief during neonatal immunization injections // Appl Nurs Res. – 2007. – 20 : 10–16.

Hatfield L. A., Gusic M. E., Dyer A. M. et al. Analgesic properties of oral sucrose during routine immunizations at 2 and 4 months of age // Pediatrics. – 2008. – 121 : e327–e334.

Uman L. S., Chambers C. T., McGrath P. J. et al. Psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distess in children and adolescents // Cochrane Database Syst Rev. – 2006. – 4 : CD005179.

Chambers C. T., Taddio A., Uman L. S. et al. Psychological interventions for reducing pain and distress during routine childhood immunizations : a systematic review // Clin Ther. – 2009. – 31(Suppl. 2): S77–S103.

Taddio A., Ilersich A. L., Ipp M. et al. Physical interventions and injection techniques for reducing injection pain during routine childhood immunizations: sytematic review of randomized controlled trials and quasi-randomized controlled trials // Clin Ther. – 2009. – 31(Suppl. 2) : S48–S76.

Ipp M., Parkin P. C., Learn N. et al. Order of vaccine injection and infant pain respose // Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. – 2009. – 163 : 469–472.

Cohen L. L., MacLaren J. E., Fortson B. L. et al. Randomized clinical trial of distraction for infant immunization pain // Pain. – 2006. – 125 : 165–171.

Shah V., Taddio A., Rieder M. J. Effectiveness and tolearability of pharmacologic and combined interventions for reducing injection pain during routine childhood immunizations: systematic review and meta-analyses // Clin Ter. – 2009. – 31(Suppl. 2) : S104–S151.

Amir J., Ginat S., Cohen Y. H. et al. Lidocaine as a diluent for administration of benzathine penicillin G // Pediatr Infect Dis J. – 1998. – 17 : 890–893.

Albertsen B. K., Hasle H., Clausen N. et al. Pain intensity and bioavailabillity of intramuscular asparaginase and a local anesthetic a double-blindded study // Pediatr Blood Cancer. – 2005. – 44 : 255–258.

Hee H. I., Goy R. W., Ng A. S. Effective reduction of anxiety and pain during venous cannulation in children: a comparision of analgetic efficacy conferred by nitrous oxide, EMLA and combination // Paediatr Anaesth. – 2003. – 13 : 210–216.

Koh J., Harrison D., Myers R. et al. A randomized, double-blind comparison study of EMLA and ELA-Max for topical anesthesia in children undergoing intravenous insertion // Pediatr Anesth. – 2004. – 14 : 977–982.

Luhmann J., Hurt S., Shootman M. et al. A comparison of buffered lidocaine versus ELA-Max before peripheral intravenous catheter insertions in children // Pediatric. – 2004. – 113 : e217–e220.

Stinson J., Yamada J., Dickson A. et al. Review of systematic reviews on acute procedural pain in children in the hospital setting // Pain Res Manag. – 2008. – 13 : 51–57.

Lander J. A., Weltman B. J., So S. S. EMLA and amethocaine for reduction of childrens’ pain associated with needle insertion // Cochrane Database Syst Rev. – 2006. – 3 : CD004236.

Eidelman A., Weiss J. M., Lau J. et al. Topical anesthetic for dermal instrumentation: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials // Ann Emerg Med. – 2005. – 46 : 343–351.

Davies R.J., Buffering the pain of local anaesthetic: a systematic review // Emerg Med (Fremantle). – 2003. – 15 : 81–88.

Ekbom K., Jakobsson J., Marcus C. Nitrous oxide inhalation is a safe and affective way to facilitate procedures in paediatric outpatient departments // Arch Dis Child. – 2005. – 90 : 1073–1076.

Costello M., Ramundo M., Christopher N. C. et al. Ethyl vinyl chloride vapoccoolant spray fails to decrease pain associated with intravenous cannulation in children // Clinic Pediatr (Phila). – 2006. – 45 : 628–632.

Farion K. J., Splinter K. L., Newhook K. et al. The effect of vapocoolant spray on pain due to intravenous cannulation in shildren: a randomized controlled trial // CMAJ. – 2008. – 179 : 31–36.

Liossi C., White P., Hatira P. Randomized clinical trial of local anesthetic versus a combination of local anesthetics with self-hypnosis in the management of pediatric procedure-related pain // Health Psychol. – 2006. – 25 : 307–315.

Kanagasundaram S. A., Lane L. J., Cavalletto B. P. et al. Efficiacy and safety of nitrous oxide in alleviating pain and anxiety during painful procedures // Arch Dis Child. – 2001. – 84 : 492–495.

Evans D., Turnham L., Barbour K. et al. Intravenous ketamine sedation for painful oncology procedures // Pediatr Anesth. – 2005. – 15 : 131–138.

Crock C., Olsson C., Phillips R. et al. General anaesthesia or conscious sedation for painful procedures in childhood cancer: the family’s perspective // Arch Dis Child. – 2003. – 88 : 253–257.

Akrofi M., Miller S., Colfar S. et al. A randomized comparison of three methods of analgesia for chest drain removal in postcardiac surgical patients // Anesth Analg. – 2005. – 100 : 205–209.

Sandy N. S., Nguyen H. T., Ziniel S. I. et al. Assessment of parental satisfaction in children undergoing voiding cystourethrography without sedation // J Urol. – 2011. – 185 : 658–662.

Gerard L. L., Cooper C. S., Duethman K. S. et al. Effectiveness of lidocaine lubricant for discomfort during pediatric urethral catheterization – The Journal of urology. – 2003. – 170 : 564–567.

Vaughan M., Paton E. A., Bush A. et al. Doses lidocaine gel alleviate the pain of bladder catheterization in young children? A randomized, controlled trial // Pediatrics. – 2005. – 116 : 917–920.

Stevens B. Use of 2 % lidocaine gel during bladder catheterization did not reduce procedure related pain in young children // Evid Based Nurs. – 2006. – 9 : 41.

Singer A. J., Konia N. Comparison of topical anesthetics and vasoconstrictors vs lubricants prior to nasogastric intubation: a randomized, controlled trial // Acad Emerg Med. – 1999. – 6 : 184–190.

Ozucelik D. N., Karaca M. A., Sivri B. Effectiveness of pre-emptive metoclopramide infusion in alleviating pain, discomfort and nausea associated with nasogastric tube insertion : a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial // Int J Clin Prac. – 2005. – 59 : 1422–1427.

Babl F. E., Goldfinch C., Mandrawa C. et al. Does nebulized lidocine reduce the pain and distress off nasogastric tube insertion in young children? A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial // Pediatric. – 2009. – 123 : 1548–1555.

Zempsky W. T., Parrotti D., Grem C. et al. Randomized controlled comparison of cosmetic outcomes of simple facial lacerations closed with Steri Strip Skin Closures or Dermabond tissue adhesive // Pediatr Emerg Care. – 2004. – 20 : 519–524.

Hock M. O., Ooi S. B., Saw S. M. et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the hair apposition technique with tissue glue to standard suturing in scalp lacerations (HAT study) // Ann Emerg Med. – 2002. – 40 : 19–26.

Singer A. J., Stark M. J. LET versus EMLA for pretreating lacerations: a randomized trial // Acad Emerg Med. – 2001. – 8 : 223–230.

Babl F. E., Oakley E., Puspitadewi A. et al. Limited analgesic efficacy of nitrous oxide for painful procedures in children // Emerg Med J. – 2008. – 25 : 717–721.

Henry D., Foster R. Burn pain management in children // Pediatr Clin North Am. – 2000. – 47 : 681–698, ІХ–Х.

Miller K., Rodger S., Kipping B. et al. A novel technology approach to pain management in children with burns: a prospective randomized controlled trial // Burns. – 2011. – 37 : 395–405.

Schmitt Y. S., Hoffman H. G., Blough D. K. et al. A randomized controlled trial of immersive virtual reality analgesia during physical therapy for paediatric burns // Burns. – 2011. – 37 : 61–68.

Brochard S., Blajan V., Lempereur M. et al. Effectiveness of nitrous oxide and analgesic cream (lidocaine and prilocaine) for prevention of pain during intramuscular botulinum toxin injections in children // Ann Phys Rehabil Med. – 2009. – 52 : 704–716.

Downloads

Published

2017-03-01

How to Cite

1.
Simić D, Mitrović M, Stević M, Simić I, Marjanović V, Budić I. Procedural pain management in children of all ages. PMJUA [Internet]. 2017 Mar. 1 [cited 2024 Mar. 28];2(1):21-7. Available from: https://painmedicine.org.ua/index.php/pnmdcn/article/view/42

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.